Amaqembu amathathu ayisisekelo alinganayo
Kunamaqembu amathathu ayisisekelo we-Diesel Embines asuselwa kumandla-amancane, aphakathi, futhi amakhulu. Izinjini ezincane zinamanani okuphuma kwamandla angaphansi kwama-kilowatts ayi-16. Lolu uhlobo olukhiqizwayo olukhiqizwa kakhulu lwedizili. Lezi zinjini zisetshenziswa ezimotweni, amaloli akhanyayo, nezinhlelo ezithile zezolimo nezokwakha kanye nama-generate amancane kagesi akhiqiza amandla (afana nalawo on injabulo lobuhlakani) kanye nokushayela ngomshini. Zijwayele ukujova, ku-in-line, izinjini ezine- noma eziyisithupha. Abaningi bathuthukiswa nge-Aftercoolers.

Izinjini eziphakathi nendawo zinama-accicities anamandla ezisukela ku-188 kuye ku-750 kilowatts, noma ama-252 kuya ku-1,006 amahhashi. Iningi lalezi zinjini lisetshenziswa emalolini asebenza kanzima. Ngokuvamile bavame ukujova, in-line, i-six-cylinder turbocharged nezinjini ezihlanganisiwe. Ezinye izinjini ezithile ze-V-8 ne-V-12 nazo zingezobukhulu beqembu.

Izinjini ezinkulu zeDiesel zinezilinganiso zamandla ngaphezulu kwama-750 kilowatts. Lezi zinjini ezihlukile zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zasolwandle, ze-locomotive, kanye nezicelo zemishini kanye nesizukulwane samandla kagesi. Ezimweni eziningi bangumjovo oqondile, amasistimu ahlanganisiwe futhi afakwe ngemuva. Bangasebenza ngokusezingeni eliphansi njengezinguquko ezingama-500 ngomzuzu lapho ukuthembeka nokuqina kubalulekile.

Izinjini ezimbili zokuhlakala nezicucu ezine
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, izinjini zikaDiesEL zenzelwe ukusebenza kumjikelezo wesibili noma ezine-ezine. Enjini ejwayelekile yomjikelezo we-stroke-stlecle, ukuthathwa kanye nama-valves okuphekelayo kanye ne-nozzle yomjovo kaphethiloli kutholakala ekhanda lesilinda (bheka umfanekiso). Imvamisa, amalungiselelo ama-valve ambili - ukudla kabili nama-valves amabili awohlokayo - aqashiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa komjikelezo wesifo sohlangothi ezimbili kungasusa isidingo se-valves eyodwa noma zombili ekwakhiweni kwenjini. I-Scaveling and Batake Air ivame ukuhlinzekwa ngamachweba ku-cylinder liner. Ukuphelelwa amandla kungaba ngama-valves atholakala ekhanda lesilinda noma ngamachweba ku-cylinder liner. Ukwakhiwa kwenjini kwenziwa lula uma usebenzisa idizayini yetheku esikhundleni esisodwa esidinga ama-valves aqeda amandla.

Amafutha amadizili
Imikhiqizo kaPetroleum ivame ukusetshenziswa njengophethiloli wezinjini zedizili yi-distillates yakhiwa ngama-hydrocarbons asindayo, okungenani ama-athomu e-carbon okungenani ayi-12 kuye kwayi-16 nge-molecule ngayinye. Lezi zinhlaka ezinzima zithathwe kumafutha aluhlaza ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwezingxenye eziguquguqukayo kuphethiloli. Amaphoyinti abilayo walezi zinhlaka ezisindayo kusuka ku-177 kuya ku-343 ° C (351 kuya ku-649 ° F). Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa labo lokuhwamuka kwabo liphakeme kakhulu kunalesophethiloli, elinama-athomu ambalwa wekhabhoni nge-molecule ngayinye.

Amanzi nokudonswa kwamafutha kungalimaza ukusebenza kwenjini; Amafutha ahlanzekile asemqoka ezinhlelweni zokujova ezifanele. Amafutha anensalela ephakeme yekhabhoni angaphathwa kahle ngezinjini zokujikeleza okusheshayo okuphansi. Okufanayo kusebenza kulabo abanomlotha ophakeme kanye nokuqukethwe kwesibabule. Inombolo ye-cetane, echaza ikhwalithi yokulahla uphethiloli, inqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela ejwayelekile yokuhlola ye-ASTM D613 "yenombolo ye-Cetene yamafutha kaphethiloli."

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjini zedizili
Umsebenzi wokuqala
URudolf Diesel, unjiniyela waseJalimane, wakhulelwa umbono wenjini manje ngemuva kokufuna idivaysi yokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini ye-Otto (injini yokuqala yama-stroke-cycle, eyakhiwe ngunjiniyela waseJalimane wekhulu le-19 UNikolaus Otto). UDiesel wabona ukuthi inqubo yokulahla kagesi yenjini kaphethiloli ingaqedwa uma, ngesikhathi sokucindezela kwe-complen strinder, ukucindezelwa kungashisa umoya ekushiseni okungaphezulu kophethiloli onikezwe. UDiesEL wahlongoza umjikelezo onjalo kumalungelo obunikazi angu-1892 no-1893.
Ekuqaleni, noma i-potro eziyimpuphu noma uphethiloli owuketshezi kwakuhlongozwe njengophethiloli. UDiesel wabona amalahle oluyimpuphu, umkhiqizo wezimayini zamalahle amalahle, njengophethiloli otholakala kalula. Umoya ocindezelwe wawuzosetshenziselwa ukwethula uthuli lwamalahle kwisilinda senjini; Kodwa-ke, ukulawula isilinganiso somjovo wamalahle kwakunzima, futhi, ngemuva kokuthi injini yokuhlola yacekelwa phansi ukuqhuma, udizili waphenduka waphenduka uphethroli owuketshezi. Waqhubeka nokwethula uphethiloli enjini ngomoya ocindezelwe.
Injini yokuqala yezentengiselwano eyakhelwe amalungelo obunikazi kaDiesel eSt. Louis, Mo. E-United States naseCanada. Injini esebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka futhi ingabe i-forerunner yenjini yeBusch-Sulzer eyayinamandla amakhulu amancane e-US Navy eMpini Yezwe I. Enye injini yaseLondon, eyakhiwe inkampani entsha yaseLondon kanye ne-Injini EGroton, Connal.

Injini yedizili yaba yisitshalo samandla esiyinhloko semikhumbi engaphansi kweMpi Yezwe I. Kwakungeyona kuphela ukonga ekusebenziseni uphethiloli kodwa futhi kufakazelwe ngokwethembeka ngaphansi kwezimo zempi. U-Diesel uphethiloli, uguquguqukayo omncane kunophethiloli, ugcinwe ngokuphepha futhi wasingathwe.
Ekupheleni kwempi yamadoda amaningi ayesebenza amadizili ayefuna imisebenzi ye-peaCetime. Abakhiqizi baqala ukuvumelanisa amadili emnothweni we-peaCetime. Ukuguqulwa okukodwa kwakuwukuthuthukiswa kwe-Semidiesel esebenza kumjikelezo oshaywe kabili engcindezi ephansi yokucindezela futhi wasebenzisa isibani esishisayo noma ishubhu ukukhanyisa imali ekhokhwayo. Lezi zinguquko ziholele enjini ebiza kakhulu ukwakha nokugcina.

Ubuchwepheshe be-fuel umjovo
Isici esisodwa esingathandeki sedizili esigcwele kwakuyisidingo sengcindezelo ephezulu, umjovo womoya we-compressor. Akukhona kuphela ukuthi amandla adingekayo ukushayela i-compressor yomoya, kepha umphumela onqandekile obambezele ukuthi kwenzeka lapho umoya ocindezelwe, uvame ukunwebeka ku-cylinder kuya ku-4 megapascals (amakhilogremu angama-493 kuya kwangama-580 nge-intshi yesikwele ngasinye). UDiesel wayedinga umoya ophakeme wokucindezela lapho angenise khona amalahle ayimpuphu kwisilinda; Lapho uphethiloli owuketshezi ungene esikhundleni samalahle oluyimpuphu kube ngophethiloli, kwenziwa iphampu ukuze uthathe indawo ye-compressor yomoya ephezulu.

Kwakunezindlela eziningi lapho iphampu lungasetshenziswa khona. ENgilandi inkampani yabaseVicklers isebenzise okwabizwa ngokuthi yindlela ejwayelekile yesitimela, lapho ibhethri lamaphampu lagcinwa uphethiloli ngaphansi kwengcindezi egijima ipayipi eligijima isilinda ngasinye. Kusukela kulokhu kulayini kaphethiloli (noma ipayipi), uchungechunge lwama-valvesthams avumile ukuthi ukhokhise ukhokhisa ku-cylinder ngayinye endaweni efanele umjikelezo wayo. Enye indlela eqashelwe i-jerk esebenza nge-cam, noma uhlobo lwe-plunger, amaphampu ukuletha uphethiloli ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu okwesikhashana kwi-valve yomjovo yesilinda ngasinye ngesikhathi esifanele.

Ukuqedwa kokomjovo womoya i-compressor kwakuyisinyathelo esiqonde ngqo, kepha bekunye futhi enye inkinga okufanele ixazululwe: I-export aff iqukethe intuthu ngokweqile, noma emihumeni kahle ngaphakathi kwesilinganiso sehhashi se-injini futhi yize lapho kwakuwumoya olwanele kwisilinda ukushisa icala likaphethiloli ngaphandle kokushiya umphetho ohlekisayo okhombisa ukulayisha ngokweqile. Onjiniyela bagcina bebona ukuthi le nkinga ukuthi umjovo womjovo we-High-Presung Presung Precing High eqhuma esikebheni se-Injini esetshenziswe kahle kakhulu kune-nozzles kaphethiloli abakwazile ukuyenza, ngomphumela wokuthi ngaphandle kophethiloli ngophethiloli obekufanele Sesha ama-athomu o-oksijini ukuze uqedele inqubo yokuhlanganisa, futhi, ngoba umoya-mpilo wenza amaphesenti angama-20 kuphela emoyeni, i-athomu ngalinye likaphethiloli lalinethuba elilodwa ku-athomu le-oksijini. Umphumela waba ukushiswa okungafanele kukaphethiloli.

Idizayini ejwayelekile ye-nozzle yomjovo we-fulection yethula uphethiloli kwisilinda ngesimo sesigaxa sesitokisi, nge-vapor radiating kusuka ku-nozzle, kunokuba kusakazeke. Kuncane kakhulu kungenziwa ukunciphisa uphethiloli kahle. Ukuxutshwa okuthuthukile bekufanele kufezwe ngokudlulisela ukunyakaza okwengeziwe emoyeni, okuvame kakhulu ukukhiqizwa komoya okukhiqizwayo noma ukunyakaza kwe-radial komoya, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-squish, noma bobabili, kusukela emaphethelweni angaphandle e-piston maqondana nesikhungo. Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zisetshenzisiwe ukudala le Swirl ne-squish. Imiphumela emihle kakhulu etholakala lapho kutholwa umoya we-Swirl uhlangana nobuhlobo obucacile ngenani lokulimala ngophethiloli. Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo komoya ngaphakathi kwesilinda kudinga ukuthi i-velocity ejikelezayo ebangela ukuthi umoya othintekayo uhambe ngokuqhubekayo kusuka ku-phrap eyodwa uye kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphandle kwemikhawulo eyeqisayo phakathi kwemijikelezo.