Amaqembu amathathu osayizi abayisisekelo
Kunamaqembu amathathu osayizi abayisisekelo ezinjini zikadizili ezisekelwe emandleni—amancane, aphakathi nendawo, namakhulu.Izinjini ezincane zinamandla okukhipha amandla angaphansi kuka-16 kilowatts.Lolu wuhlobo lwenjini kadizili oluvame ukukhiqizwa.Lezi zinjini zisetshenziswa ezimotweni, emalolini amancane, nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zezolimo nezokwakha kanye nanjengamajeneretha anamandla kagesi amile (njengalawo asebenza emisebenzini yokuzijabulisa) nanjengamadrayivu emishini.Imvamisa izinjini zokujova eziqondile, ezisemlayini, ezine noma eziyisithupha.Amaningi ane-turbocharged ngama-aftercoolers.

Izinjini ezimaphakathi zinamandla asukela ku-188 kuya ku-750 kilowatts, noma 252 kuya ku-1,006 amahhashi.Iningi lalezi zinjini lisetshenziswa emalolini athwala kanzima.Imvamisa izinjini ezi-direct-injection, in-line, six-cylinder turbocharged nezipholile ngemuva.Ezinye izinjini ze-V-8 ne-V-12 nazo zingaphansi kwaleli qembu losayizi.

Izinjini ezinkulu zikadizili zinezilinganiso zamandla angaphezu kuka-750 kilowatts.Lezi zinjini ezihlukile zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokushayela zasolwandle, izitimela, nemishini kanye nokukhiqiza amandla kagesi.Ezimweni eziningi amasistimu omjovo oqondile, ama-turbocharged kanye nama-aftercooled.Angase asebenze ngaphansi kwama-revolution angu-500 ngomzuzu lapho ukwethembeka nokuqina kubalulekile.

Izinjini ezine-two-stroke nezine
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, izinjini zikadizili ziklanyelwe ukusebenza emjikelezweni wezinhlangothi ezimbili noma ezine.Enjinini evamile yomjikelezo wemivimbo emine, ama-valve okungenisa nawokukhipha kanye ne-fuel-injection nozzle atholakala ekhanda le-cylinder (bheka umfanekiso).Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa ama-valve amabili—ama-valve amabili okungenisa kanye nama-exhaust amabili—asetshenziswa.
Ukusetshenziswa komjikelezo we-two-stroke kungaqeda isidingo se-valve eyodwa noma womabili ekwakhiweni kwenjini.Ukukhipha umoya kanye nomoya wokungenisa ngokuvamile kunikezwa ngezimbobo ku-cylinder liner.I-exhaust ingaba ngama-valve asekhanda lesilinda noma ngamachweba ku-cylinder liner.Ukwakhiwa kwenjini kwenziwa lula uma kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwembobo esikhundleni sokudinga amavalvu okukhipha umoya.

Amafutha odizili
Imikhiqizo kaphethiloli evame ukusetshenziswa njengamafutha ezinjini zikadizili ama-distillates akhiwa ama-hydrocarbon asindayo, okungenani anama-athomu ekhabhoni ayi-12 kuya kwayi-16 nge-molecule ngayinye.Lawa ma-distillates asindayo athathwa kuwoyela ongahluziwe ngemuva kokuthi izingxenye eziguquguqukayo ezisetshenziswa kuphethiloli zisusiwe.Amaphuzu abilayo alawa ma-distillates asinda kakhulu asuka ku-177 kuya ku-343 °C (351 kuya ku-649 °F).Ngakho, izinga lokushisa labo lokuhwamuka liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo likaphethiloli, onama-athomu ekhabhoni ambalwa nge-molecule ngayinye.

Amanzi nenhlabathi kumafutha kungaba yingozi ekusebenzeni kwenjini;uphethiloli ohlanzekile ubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokujova ezisebenza kahle.Izibaseli ezinensalela yekhabhoni ephezulu zingaphathwa kahle kakhulu izinjini zokuzungezisa ngesivinini esiphansi.Okufanayo kusebenza kulabo abanomlotha omningi nesibabule.Inombolo ye-cetane, echaza ikhwalithi yokuthungela kukaphethiloli, inqunywa kusetshenziswa i-ASTM D613 “Indlela Ejwayelekile Yokuhlola Yenombolo Ye-Cetane Yamafutha Kawoyela Kadizili.”

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjini zikadizili
Umsebenzi wangaphambi kwesikhathi
URudolf Diesel, unjiniyela waseJalimane, waba nombono wenjini manje ebizwa ngegama lakhe ngemva kokuba efune umshini wokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini ye-Otto (injini yokuqala yemijikelezo emine, eyakhiwa unjiniyela waseJalimane wangekhulu le-19. Nikolaus Otto).Udizili waqaphela ukuthi inqubo yokuthungela kagesi yenjini kaphethiloli ingaqedwa uma, phakathi nokucindezelwa kwedivayisi ye-piston-cylinder, ukucindezela kungase kushise umoya ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elizenzakalelayo likaphethiloli othile.Udizili uhlongoze umjikelezo onjalo kumalungelo akhe obunikazi ka-1892 no-1893.
Ekuqaleni, amalahle ayimpuphu noma i-petroleum ewuketshezi yahlongozwa njengophethiloli.Udizili wabona amalahle ayimpuphu, umkhiqizo ovela ezimayini zamalahle zakwaSaar, njengophethiloli otholakala kalula.Umoya ocindezelwe wawuzosetshenziselwa ukufaka uthuli lwamalahle kusilinda senjini;nokho, ukulawula izinga lomjovo wamalahle kwakunzima, futhi, ngemva kokuba injini yokuhlola ibhujiswe ukuqhuma, uDizili waphendukela kuphethiloli owuketshezi.Uqhubekile nokwethula uphethiloli enjinini enomoya ocindezelweyo.
Injini yokuqala eyakhiwe phezu kwamalungelo obunikazi ka-Diesel yafakwa e-St. Louis, Mo., ngu-Adolphus Busch, umdidiyeli wotshwala owayebone eyodwa embukisweni eMunich futhi wathenga ilayisense ku-Diesel yokukhiqiza nokudayisa injini. e-United States naseCanada.Injini yasebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka eminingi futhi yayimanduleli wenjini ye-Busch-Sulzer eyayinika amandla imikhumbi-ngwenya eminingi ye-US Navy eMpini Yezwe I. Enye injini kadizili eyasetshenziselwa injongo efanayo kwakuyiNelseco, eyakhiwa yiNew London Ship and Engine Company. eGroton, Conn.

Injini kadizili yaba isizinda sokuphehla amandla emikhumbi-ngwenya phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. Ayizange yonga kuphela ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli kodwa futhi yabonakala ithembekile ngaphansi kwezimo zempi.Uphethiloli kadizili, ongaguquki kangako kunophethiloli, wawugcinwe futhi uphathwa ngendlela ephephile.
Ekupheleni kwempi amadoda amaningi ayesebenzisa udizili ayefuna imisebenzi yokuthula.Abakhiqizi baqala ukujwayela udizili emnothweni wesikhathi sokuthula.Okunye ukuguqulwa kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-semidiesel eyayisebenza ngomjikelezo we-stroke kabili ngengcindezi yokucindezela ephansi futhi yasebenzisa isibani esishisayo noma ishubhu ukuthungela ukushajwa kukaphethiloli.Lezi zinguquko zibangele injini engabizi kakhulu ukuyakha nokuyinakekela.

Ubuchwepheshe bokujova amafutha
Isici esisodwa esingathandeki sedizili egcwele kwakuyisidingo se-high-pressure, i-injection air compressor.Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kwakudingeka amandla okushayela i-compressor yomoya, kodwa umphumela wesiqandisi owabambezela ukuthungela kwenzeka lapho umoya ocindezelwe, ngokuvamile owawuba ngama-megapascal angu-6.9 (amakhilogremu angu-1,000 iyintshi yesikwele), unwetshwa ku-cylinder, owawunengcindezi engaba ngu-3.4 kuya ku-4 megapascals (493 kuya ku-580 amakhilogremu iyintshi yesikwele).Udizili wawudinga umoya onomfutho ophezulu wokwethula ngawo amalahle ayimpuphu kusilinda;lapho uphethiloli owuketshezi uthatha indawo yamalahle ayimpuphu njengophethiloli, iphampu ingenziwa ukuthi ithathe indawo ye-high-pressure air compressor.

Kwakunezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa iphampu.ENgilandi i-Vickers Company yasebenzisa lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi indlela yesitimela esivamile, lapho ibhethri lamaphampu laligcina uphethiloli ngaphansi kokucindezela epayipini elihamba ubude benjini elinomthofu kusilinda ngasinye.Kusuka kulo mzila wesitimela (noma ipayipi) wokunikezela uphethiloli, uchungechunge lwamavalvu omjovo lwavuma ukushajwa kukaphethiloli kusilinda ngasinye endaweni efanele emjikelezweni wawo.Enye indlela esetshenziswa ijerk esebenza ngekhamera, noma amaphampu ohlobo lwe-plunger, ukuletha uphethiloli ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu yesikhashana kuvalvu yokujova yesilinda ngasinye ngesikhathi esifanele.

Ukuqedwa kwe-compressor yomoya womjovo kwakuyisinyathelo esiqonde endleleni efanele, kodwa kwakusenenye inkinga okufanele ixazululwe: i-exhaust yenjini yayiqukethe intuthu eningi kakhulu, ngisho nasemikhiqizweni ephakathi kwesilinganiso samandla amahhashi enjini futhi nakuba bekunomoya owanele kusilinda ukuze ushise inkokhiso kaphethiloli ngaphandle kokushiya umsi ongcolile ovame ukukhombisa ukugcwala ngokweqile.Onjiniyela bagcine bebonile ukuthi inkinga ukuthi umjovo womoya oshisa izikhotha oqhuma kusilinda wenjini wawuhlakaze amandla kaphethiloli ngendlela encomekayo ukwedlula imibhobho kaphethiloli eshintshwayo, okuholele ekutheni ngaphandle kwe-compressor yomoya uphethiloli kudingeke ukuthi sesha ama-athomu omoya-mpilo ukuze uqedele inqubo yokuvutha, futhi, njengoba umoya-mpilo wakha amaphesenti angu-20 kuphela omoya, i-athomu ngayinye kaphethiloli yaba nethuba elilodwa kuphela kokuhlanu lokuhlangana ne-athomu yomoya-mpilo.Umphumela waba ukushiswa kukaphethiloli ngendlela engafanele.

Idizayini evamile yombhobho wokujova uphethiloli yethula uphethiloli kusilinda ngendlela yesifutho sekhoni, umhwamuko ophuma emlonyeni, kunokuba ungene emfudlaneni noma ijethi.Kuncane kakhulu obekungenziwa ukusabalalisa uphethiloli kahle kakhulu.Ukuxutshwa okuthuthukisiwe bekufanele kwenziwe ngokudlulisela ukunyakaza okwengeziwe emoyeni, ngokuvamile ngokuzungeza komoya okukhiqizwa ngokungenisa noma ukunyakaza komoya okubizwa ngokuthi i-squish, noma kokubili, ukusuka onqenqemeni olungaphandle lwepiston ukuya enkabeni.Kuye kwasetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze kwakhiwe le swirl kanye ne-squish.Imiphumela emihle kakhulu itholakala lapho i-air swirl inobudlelwano obuqondile nezinga lokujova likaphethiloli.Ukusetshenziswa kahle komoya ngaphakathi kwesilinda kudinga isivinini esijikelezayo esibangela ukuthi umoya oboshiwe uhambe ngokuqhubekayo usuka kwesinye isifutho uye kwesinye phakathi nesikhathi sokujova, ngaphandle kokuncipha okukhulu phakathi kwemijikelezo.